The space agency hopes to launch a dual craft in June, part of which would survey the Moon's surface from orbit while another unit ploughs into the lunar surface in search for water.

"We had the original target of providing information back for being able to safely return to the Moon for exploration," said Mike Wargo, NASA's chief lunar scientist.

The mission will focus on the little-known lunar poles, hoping to confirm reports of hydrogen accumulation and possible water-ice not found at the equatorial regions that where famously explored by humans in the last century.

It is scheduled to lift-off, strapped to an Atlas V rocket, from Cape Canaveral, Florida on June 17.

"One of the (resources) we are looking for is the potential of water ice at the lunar polar regions in these really mysterious permanently shadowed regions," said Wargo.

The permanently shadowed craters, which may not have seen sunlight for one or two billion years, could hold deposits of ice at a temperature of minus 328 degrees fahrenheit (200 degrees celsius).

Project manager Dan Andrews said the discovery of ice could be a crucial resource for future manned missions to the Moon, potentially providing oxygen for astronauts and oxidizer for rocket fuel.

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter - decked with instruments to measure temperature, topography, radioactivity and hydrogen levels - will circle the polar areas, producing three dimensional maps and data on 100 sites, some of which could later be used for manned landings.

Another module, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, will hurtle towards the Moon's surface, crashing into a permanently shadowed crater.

The impact, scheduled for October, will kick-up lunar debris six miles (9.6 kilometers) into the atmosphere, allowing observers to scan for signs of ice-water as the LCO craft flies through the debris.

Although the event will be over in a matter of minutes, it may be visible from earth with the help of a telescope.

It follows up on work carried out by the Lunar Prospector mission, which detected hydrogen on the Moon, but failed to detect water when, like this mission, it crashed onto the lunar surface.

The mission, dubbed LCO/LCROSS, is the latest in a series of NASA lunar missions that have become representative of the agency's work.

In 1969, the Apollo 11 mission touched down on the lunar surface, allowing Neil Armstrong to become the first human to set foot on the Moon.

In 2004, then president George W. Bush vowed to return Americans to the Moon by 2020.

But facing a massive budget deficit, President Barack Obama has called into question the fulfillment of that aim, with a review apparently underway that could delay the program.

There are technical barriers, too. The space shuttle vehicle that could deliver astronauts to the Moon will be retired next year, with a new vehicle not expected in operation before 2015.

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